How to Use the Perl Array join() Function

The Perl programming language  join() function is used to connect all the elements of a specific list or array into a single string using a specified joining expression. The list is concatenated into one string with the specified joining element contained between each item. The syntax for the join() function is: join EXPR, LIST. Join() Function at Work In the following example code, EXPR uses three different values.  In one, it is a hyphen. In one, it is nothing, and in one, it is a comma and a space. #!/usr/bin/perl$string join( -, red, green, blue );printJoined String is $string\n;$string join( , red,  green,  blue  ); printJoined String is $string\n;$string  Ã‚  join(  , ,  red,  green,  blue  );printJoined String is $string\n; When the code is executed, it returns the following: Joined String is red-green-blueJoined String is redgreenblueJoined String is red, green, blue The EXPR is only placed between pairs of elements in LIST. It is not placed before the first element or after the last element in the string.   About Perl Perl,  which is an interpreted programming language, not a compiled language, was a mature programming language long before the web, but it became popular with website developers because most of the content on the web happens with text, and Perl is designed for text processing. Also, Perl is friendly and offers more than one way to do most things with the language.

Feminism Is Not About Making Women Stronger - 1441 Words

Feminism is not about making women stronger. Women are already strong. It s about changing the way the world perceives that strength. - G.D Anderson Our culture in the early Twentieth Century was biased in many ways, as it still is to this day in the Twenty-first Century. One of the major struggles were men s biased writing about women. Many women then and to this day still stand up and try to fight for equality. Women used to be given certain roles to be a part of society in our history. One of the main roles was a domesticated role which confined women to raising their children, taking care of errands and things around the house, and also taking care of their husbands. Susan Glaspell who was a writer in the early twentieth†¦show more content†¦Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale go to a farmhouse to get a few things for Mrs. Wright along with the sheriff and the attorney. Mr. and Mrs. Hale are Mr. And Mrs. Wright s neighbors, and Mr. Hale was the one who found Mr. Wright s body. M r. And Mrs. Wright are only referred to in the play by very little dialogue or by the other characters talking about them. The entire play starts by everyone going into the Wright s farmhouse kitchen and saw Mrs. Wright sitting in an old rocking chair pondering off. Mr. Hale then asks to see Mr. Wright and Mrs. Wright says that he is dead. Then the men go upstairs to investigate the crime scene while the women stay downstairs so they can gather some belongings for Mrs. Wright. Through gathering her belongings and conversation, they question whether or not Mrs. Wright actually killed her husband. Upon their gathering they find a broken bird cage and a dead canary. The women then conclude that Mr. Wright killed the bird, which then Mrs. Wright went and choked her husband in return. In the 1920 s there was an Idea of Separate Spheres held that women should concern themselves with home, children, and religion, while men took care of business and politics (Benner). 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Women all around the world are being denied these rights. Yes, I know, feminism is the social, economic, and political equality between men and women. But, we will be focusing on women today. Today, women around the world are facing major inequalities, whether that is the wage gap to being allowed new opportunities. We are finally realizing this is a problem. But, it’s not just women in the 1st world who have these problems, its women in 3rd world countries who need feminism the most. Read MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement1110 Words   |  5 PagesWilliams I Spy Feminism In today’s society if we asked people the first thing that came to their mind when they heard the word equality, my bet is that not many of them would say something along the lines of male versus female. Females before, during, and after the feminist movement have been subject to discrimination because of what doesn’t lie in between their legs. 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Feminism by definition is the advocacy of women s rights on the ground of the equality of the sexes, and being an advocate of feminism means you believe in equality. But recently I’ve seen that feminism has gotten a negative connotation saying feminism is anti-men and isolating. Feminists are looked down upon as our opinions seem too

Oxford Plastics Company free essay sample

Oxford Plastics is under a critical timeline that requires them to update their current operations. Timing for this project is so critical because the current facility is not up to the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations. The risk here is if the new facility is not up and running in a timely manner the EPA could find the company in violation of the standards and is capable of shutting the current process down. Local Environmentalist: The land that upper management is looking to purchase would require the removal of several 100+ years old trees. There is an underlying fear that there will be issues with the local environmentalist, thus postponing the project. Current Zoning: The 25-arce lot of land is located outside of the current industrial zoning boundary. This could be a problem because the company may not be able to obtain the proper permits they may need for the expansion. We will write a custom essay sample on Oxford Plastics Company or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Important concepts from the textbook chapter relevant to the case: Organizational ecosystem: In this case, there is defiantly evidence of an organizational ecosystem and how the community impacts the organization. The organization is concerned about the local environmentalist’s, the city’s economy and the impact it has on these other interests. Collaborative Network: Oxford’s Plastics needs to collaborate with the local interest groups to ensure the project goes smoothly. Henderson is already meeting with the Director of the Governor’s Office of Economic Development, and this is a ood start to creating relationships within the community. What are your goals for the situation in the best interest of the organization? The way Henderson is beginning to collaborate with community members is a good start for ensuring this project goes smoothing. At the end of the case, Henderson is contemplating whether to hold a meeting with the community members. We feel that this is a good idea. However, before the meeting we feel that Henderson needs to be prepared for objections. In order to create a win-win for Oxford and for the local environmentalist, we feel that Oxford should offer to sponsor some new trees to be planted elsewhere in the community. If Henderson is able to have the environmentalist approval, the next battle will be working with the local government in order to rezone the land. Henderson is already working with Beth Friedlander from the Economic Department. If he is able to get her support for this expansion, we believe the Governor will change his stance on the rezoning issue.

Marriage and Family Life Experience

Introduction Marriage is derived from love despite its material necessity. However, the United States marriages have been embellished by sexual desire which forms the basis for accomplishing love. Whereas marriage seemed to be determined by couples, many factors including social norms usually come into play. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage and Family: Life Experience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Basically, love is the sole architect of the glorification and justification of marriages. As a result of marriages, the most sublime and useful institution dubbed as family is embedded. Families serve as the central and essential education pillars. This implies that mating is the only way to self perpetuate in marriage and it is subjected to degrees of personal indulgence. Thus, home building through marriage is largely a self maintenance matter implying societal evolution. The societal groups emanate to be a makeup of the entire communal family entity. The individuals found within the society are considered planetary transitory factors. Hence, families work as mediums through which streams of understanding and customs are pouring from a given creation to the other. This paper critically analyzes personal life experiences in regards to issues confronting families and marriages in the USA. Transition in our family life and marriage Due to expressive and corporeal connections between a female and her progenies, a wife is bound to rely on a man or her husband. This pushes her into the matrimonial home or shelter safety. Thirty years ago, it was not the feeling of affection which compelled man to be engrossed in a matrimonial affair, but the desire for foodstuff that initially absorbed male allies to women and the safe haven they shared with the kids (Duncan Goddard, 2010). A simple USA family emerges when the affiliations between the mother and the kids are accepted. For instance, in e very family it is apparent that the association between a child and a mother is inbred, strong and natural. These have evidently inhibited women from undergoing through untold adversities and surrender to various strange circumstances. The compelling motherly love acts as the handicapping emotion that often positioned the USA family women into terrific drawbacks as they struggle with their husbands (Bethmann Kvasnicka, 2011). In situations where both maternal and paternal intuitions are overruling, it is exceptionally hard to hear that the family is let down by sacred obsessions, egotism and aspirations.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When a happily married US family works to avoid any antagonisms, the association becomes steadfast. Indeed, a collaborating family man and woman appear to be exceptionally better than three USA ladies or three gentlemen in assorted ways. However , in the US family, a wife is known to enhance and foster the wellbeing of her family members. It appears that the USA ladies might be compelled into matrimonial domiciles by the parenthood impulses. This implies that the customary laws and the higher might of a man encourage a lady to progressively stay put in her matrimony (Matheson Rosen, 2012). This argument originates from my marriage experiences where it was very hard to find a husband sharing the house chores with wife. Generally, a wife was left to carry out most duties including taking care of the children and accomplishing personal tasks. While it might be argued that the husband was the US family head, the position of the wife was hardly recognized when we first got married. This is where the society has gone wrong. This belief is inherent in us, and that those who seem to go against this norm are deemed to be deviant in the US. Most US families are staying together and living happily. In such families, a husband, a wi fe and children clearly understand one another. Not even a single person is considered to be with neither weird blends of anxious appeal and distrusts nor with derision and misgiving. This problem of kid-bearing is not any more observed by seeing the mother of the infant impure and unsafe. Despite being happily married to their dear husbands, the American women married nearly thirty years ago had no voices and freedoms in the families since families were controlled by men (Duncan Goddard, 2010). In fact, female companions could hardly defy visualizing unusual or healthier styles of subsistence. Family and marriage life in USA For over thirty years in our marital partnership, my wife has been the main source of labour at a determined disadvantage. However, in self perpetuation, we are a happily married couple with three kids. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marriage and Family: Life Experience specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The prevailing way of life in the United States has ensured that the wives are fairly rewarded for being in an obligatory maternity. Marriage and family institutions in the USA recognize sexual equality which is naturally hardly realized in other parts of the world. For example, a wife has ever tried to exercise her marriage rights but she does that at the discretion of the family. From my own experience, when a wife in the USA milieu pursues her marital rights without any cautions, the family is likely to breakup. The USA have laws that ensure women and children’s rights are protected. When your wife wants to divorce and the court warrants it, the consequential outcome is that the marriage will no longer exist. Still, the husband has to take care of the kids’ needs while a wife looks after the children until they are eighteen years (Liu Heiland, 2012). To shun such an occurrence throughout our marriage life, we have constantly strived to understand ourselves through regular and fearless consultations. In the USA, the conditional changes currently witnessed have liberated women from any kind of domestic slaveries. Just like their marriage male counterparts, American women are now liberated to determine their reproduction abilities and enjoy their marital statuses. As a family we had to sit down and agree that we will give birth to three children only. The decision was at our discretion. While incidences of family and marriage life oppressions are still present, our marriage and family life has considerably won the unintended and unconscious fight against economic and social oppression that other USA couples face in their marriages (Ramisch, 2012). During these thirty years of marriage, we have become enlightened individuals with exceptional family life experience but we constantly react against the inequitable mores governing both of us and our position in societal marriages. At times, we were forced to undergo crucial family tests as we continued to live. Family and marital life has considerably changed in the USA. When we got married, a man was perceived to be the head of the family, and in his absence the wife was expected to guide the family. This has brought about the belief that husbands and wives are equal race reproduction partners (Osborne, Berger Magnuson, 2012). Therefore, similar to the USA family man, a wife incessantly fights to foster her rights whilst in marriage. Regardless of this, within our family, both of us have endlessly maintained supremacy within own domains. This has been the founding stone for our happy co-existence and a 30-years marriage. We have shared responsibilities of raising our three children.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The kind of marriage partnership that exists between USA wives and husbands Just like any other marriage, the reproductive urge used to bring us together to self-perpetuate. Moreover, this enabled us to remain one thing in joint support to form a family and consequently a home. Nevertheless, in our family, we always embrace our personal interests. Despite marital barriers in the USA, we adjusted to work in harmony to ensure that our home is made. Nonetheless, to put up a glad house, we perceived marriage as a core foundation. It materialized as an opposed collaboration and expression that is routinely denoted by unending communal and lifelong links. We have not been able to evade any ensuing conflicts. We have never gone to an extent of having to divide our three kids or seeking a court divorce. Our problems are solved in-house. From a personal life experience, marriages among the USA families are sociological and not necessarily biological (Ramisch, 2011). As a result, it is the p assion that existed between us that ensured we came together. In our family, we appreciate that we are considered as two separate groups from similar species. In fact, our entire life responses and perspectives ensue to be totally divergent. For instance, in the early stages of our marriage, we were completely unable to really and fully comprehend one another. Whilst a married USA woman might have extra intuition in comparison to her husband, in a family situation the wife is rather less rational. However, in our family unit, the wife relentlessly appeared to be the head of religious activities and an honorable principal as well as customary holder. This implies that in our marriage and family life, the hands which rocked the home structure silently consorted with fortune (Wood et al., 2012). In essence, the differences in thinking, viewpoints, reactions and nature amid us have been considered very valuable. In our matrimony and family unit, we actually fancy one another be it in corporeal, saintly as well as in coronial life journey. Usually, as a married couple, our children and other family members we collectively rely on the solutions offered jointly to overcome assorted difficulties and mystifying universal problems (Matheson Rosen, 2012). Regardless of the fact that different sexes that make marriages to work hardly understand one another, our marriage life partners are well complementing. Although support appears to be less or more individually hostile, for over thirty years our marital affiliation has been able to reproduce and live together as a unit. The USA marriages act as institutions well premeditated to make up sex disparities. In the meantime, it insures race reproduction and affects the evolution continuance. Our family which is a kind of a human institution was born of marriage. This is because it directly gives rise to the foundation and protection of our home which form the structural USA societal base. Nevertheless, our family is esse ntially correlated to self maintenance mechanisms. It accrues to be the only race repute trust under the USA civilization mores. In our thirty years marital life, our family acts as the most effective provider of suitable self gratification. Therefore, while most American men derive mutual benefits from marriage, a family is a purely supreme accomplishment for any man (Bethmann Kvasnicka, 2011). The USA family and lifelong marital standards In USA matrimony, kids logically come as upshots of inbred sex-mating which sequentially makes a family to come out involuntarily. The existing society follows the ideals of a family. This denotes that a good society only comes as a result of good families. Conversely, for nearly thirty years of marital life, it is the nature of a wife to be concerned and adore her offsprings. This makes the family to merge and make wives the most anxious parties in backing-up the USA family units and matrimonial existence. Our matrimonial sexual affairs accru e naturally. However, our American marital life is often under the regulation of the family, courtliness, conceit, possessions and mores such as ethics, morals and religion (Lamanna Riedmann, 2008). Last, there are ebbs and flows in customs, the family-marriage association solidity similarly alters. Currently, USA marriages have gone ahead into the private phase from the previous material goods phase. When we initially came together, the wife had the protection of her husband given that a woman was perceived as the husband’s chattel. An American wife also had to obey her husband for similar bases. In spite of such a system’s merits, there was adequate family stability. Thirty years down the line, a wife is no longer considered a property in the USA. Despite this, our marital and family life has been stabilized through the prevailing customs. Irrespective of giving birth to three kids of different sexes, we would not have minded if they were all males or females. Fur thermore, the disciplining of our kids instigated at tender age and this made our children to be very obedient. In other marriages and families, children are protected from the ordinary costs of irrational behaviors and this has contributed to insubordination amongst the USA kids. Therefore, from personal life experience, civilized USA parents tend to assume most of their duties thus making children to believe that they have all the rights (Strong, DeVault Cohen, 2010). Kids revere their fathers and mothers because of the love, teaching and concern which obviously develop whilst family members support the offspring in their enduring encounter. Truly, our marriage and family experience has been effectively engaged in unremitting family ministry services that are meant for our children. Conclusion Marriage institutions in the USA evolve alongside novel socio-economic precepts. In fact, the lives of various families are very pricey whereas kids who happened to be families’ re sources are now considered fiscal liabilities. Thus far, the safety of the USA as society still hinges on the escalating enthusiasm of a single generation to actively devote resources to the prospective and next human generations. Family lives which consequently arise from marriages with children persist to be very simulative. Such a family proffers the genetic prolongation of mankind genus. In cheerfully married USA families, a budding kid seizes the blood-brotherhood principles which simply proceed from societal and ordinary ground, habitat. A family acts as the basic fraternity where kids and their parents learn leniency, open-mindedness and self-sacrifice as well as patience lessons. All these are imperative for the apprehension of brotherhood amongst family members. Therefore, when family life is enforced through strong marital associations, personalities are likely to be stabilized. However, true love among parents and children forms the basis of a good family. References Bet hmann, D. Kvasnicka, M. (2011). The institution of marriage. Journal of Population Economics, 24(3), 1005-32. Duncan, S. Goddard, H. (2010). Family life education: Principles and practices for effective outreach. New York, NY: SAGE Publishers. Lamanna, M., Riedmann, A. (2008). Marriages and families: Making choices in a diverse society. New York, Boston: Cengage Learning. Liu, S. Heiland, F. (2012). Should we get married? The effect of parents’ marriage on out-of-wedlock children. Economic Inquiry, 50(1), 17-38. Matheson, J. Rosen, K. (2012). Marriage and family therapy faculty members’ balance of work and personal life. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 38(2), 394-416. Osborne, C., Berger, L. Magnuson, K. (2012). Family structure transitions and changes in maternal resources and well-being. Demography, 49(1), 23-47. Ramisch, J. (2012). Marriage and family therapists working with couples who have children with autism. Journal of Marital Family Therapy, 38(2 ), 305-316. Ramisch, J. (2011). Marriage and family therapists working with couples who have children with autism. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 37(3), 156-180. Strong, B., DeVault, C., Cohen, T. (2010). The marriage and family experience: Intimate relationships in a changing society. New York City, Boston: Cengage Learning. Wood, R., et al., (2012). The effects of building strong families: A healthy marriage and relationship skills education program for unmarried parents. Journal of Policy Analysis Management, 31(2), 228-252. This essay on Marriage and Family: Life Experience was written and submitted by user Angelica Wilkerson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Dangers of Revolution Essay Example

The Dangers of Revolution Essay Example The Dangers of Revolution Essay The Dangers of Revolution Essay Essay Topic: Leviathan After years, indeed decades, of living under the dictatorial rule of President Ben All ordinary citizens took to the streets in protest. In short order, the popular uprising moved into the capital city of Tunis and ultimately forced All from power. Within months the governments of Egypt, Libya, Jordan, Yemen, Bahrain and Syria all saw similar uprisings, to varying degrees of success. In the case of Egypt, dictator Embark was ousted but six months later the country still struggles with implementing a new constitution. In Bahrain and Syria government security forces inducted violent crackdowns on dissidents, murdering thousands of their own citizens. In Libya, after months of intense fighting between revolutionary and government forces and the assistance of NATO, the regime of Miramar Quadratic was ousted as well. Dubbed the Arab Spring by Journalists and other observers, the uprisings are undoubtedly a historic event, having unseated, or attempted to unseat, some of the most constant regimes in the region and, indeed, in the world: . Regimes [that have] survived over a period of decades in which democratic waves rolled through East Asia, eastern Europe, Latin America, and sub-Sahara Africa. 2 In many political and analytical circles around the world the speed, ferocity and contagious nature of the uprising surprised many, leaving world leaders scrambling for a coherent policy. For some, this translated into broad declarations of support for democracy. For others, a more reserved calling for 1 Wrig ht, Robin. July/August 2011. The Arab Spring is a Jobs Crisis. The Atlantic. 58. 2 Game Ill, F. Gregory. July/August 2011. Why Middle East Studies Missed the Arab Spring. Foreign Affairs. Volt. 90 (Issue 4). 1. 2 optimistic regarding the chances of democracy taking hold in the aforementioned action-states and spreading to other countries in the region, the reality is quite different. While democracy should be encouraged throughout the world, there should be no misconceptions that democratic rule in every country would benefit the national security of the United States. A number of factors, including the lack of democratic institutions, the strong presence of Islamic fundamentalists, economics and even civilization identity all conspire to pull many states into chaos and propel anti-democratic leaders to power. Moreover, popular uprisings and democratic elections in other Middle Eastern nation-states (namely Iran, Afghanistan and Lebanon) have shown that democracy in the developing world shouldnt be blindly supported. Purpose Statement One of the primary strengths of social science research, particularly in the fields of political science and international relations, is that it excels at explanatory research. That is, looking at past events, determining the why behind a plethora of variables and explaining how those variables impacted the actions and decisions that were made. While this research has aspects of explanatory research, the central thesis is ore predictive in nature in that it is attempting to determine what will or may happen in the future based on current and past events. Admittedly, the latter form is not nearly as strong as the former for a variety of factors including the fact that not all, or even most, of the information is available at the time of writing. For example, the body of academic literature was 3 BBC Monitoring Middle East. May 20, 2011. Reactions to President Beams Middle East Speech. From Lazier. Net. 3 expanded at the end of the Cold War with the demise of the Soviet Union. This occurred because researchers finally had access behind the Iron Curtain to interviews, documents and even the nation itself. Similarly, in a decade, the events surrounding the Arab Spring will likely have far more depth and context that can be accessed in the fall of 2011. Nevertheless, predictive research is vital to the understanding of current events and the world order and in some instances, such as George Seamans Foreign Policy article advocating a policy of containing the Soviet Union, can provide a framework for policy-makers. While goals of this research are not nearly as lofty, it does hope to inform a specific area of international security and offer possible outcomes that other researchers may have missed. Indeed, while some Journalists and editorials have mentioned the possibility that a democratic Middle East could quickly turn against the United States, few academics have considered it. This is at least partially because of the the aforementioned strength of social science research being explanatory. Therefore, this research hopes to inform and enrich the body of literature by determining the possible negative outcomes of the Arab Spring and specifically skiing: What are the transnational and international impacts of the 2011 uprisings, This research will draw from a variety of sources, however, as mentioned above, the body of academic literature on this subject is somewhat thin. While relying on periodicals can prove problematic due to the daily, and sometimes hourly, news cycles, in this instance they will be informative simply because of the lack of other sources. Moreover, in making the argument outlined below, this research will utilize content analysis of periodicals from the late sass and compare the language to similar magazines and newspapers from 2011. The thesis of this research is that the 2011 uprisings in the Middle East and North Africa will cause long-term instability throughout the region because of civilization clash. For claritys sake, the 2011 uprisings refer to the so-called Arab Spring that began in Tunisia and continues today. 4 Civilization clash, the variable that this paper seeks to argue will cause problems in the region for US national security is derived from Samuel P. Huntington article, later a book, titled The Clash of Civilizations. Written nearly two decades ago, Huntington work is particularly helpful in explaining where potential areas of inflict may be in the future. For the dependent variable, long-term instability, creating a metric to quantify it has proven troublesome. This is because the evidence to fully support the thesis has yet to occur, however, by using the historical example of Iran before and after the 1979 Iranian Revolution this research may be able to predict certain key factors to the stability of a nation. Internally, economic indicators such as unemployment rates, GAP growth, trade balances, population below the poverty line and inflation rates all contribute to the stability of a nation. Additionally, the religious, social and political trustees and the role the military has in internal affairs all play a role. Externally, security agreements and partnerships, refugees and conflicts all work together to strengthen or undermine a country. For the purposes of this research, because developing an accurate index/matrix would be a research project in and of itself, we will utilize the excellent work of Dry. Mayer R. F. AAA-Roadman, Mr.. Hair Balkan and Dry. Garage Herd of the Geneva Centre for Security Policy. 4 In the Stability Matrix the researchers take into account a variety of economic, environmental, military and security, political and social factors, assigning each variable a level weighted from one to three: Each factor is given a score of 1-3, where 1 indicates that the factor contributes to stability, 2 indicates that it makes a borderline contribution to stability, and 3 indicates that it contributes to instability. 6 The matrix utilizes indexes from other governmental and non-profit institutions and combines them into a comprehensive database. Some factors listed are beyond the scope of this research, but its application will nonetheless provide clarity 4 Dry. Neff R. F. AAA-Roadman, Mr.. Hair Balkan and Dry. Garage Herd. December 20, 2006. Proposal for a Stability Matrix. Program on the Geopolitical Implications of Globalization and Transnational Security. Geneva Centre f or Security Policy. Http://www. Gasp. Chi/content/download/ matrixpdPDF See Appendix 2, attached as a separate document due to formatting issues. Ibid. 5 and measurement to the issue of instability. Theoretical Framework Just as international law gives policy-makers and lawyers a framework from which to analyze and decide what can be done, International Relations Theory gives the policy- akAkers framework from which they can analyze and decide what should be done. While International Relations Theory includes dozens of competing worldviews, one of the oldest traditions is that of realism. Dating back to ThDuchessesnd his History of the PePeloponnesusar, realism makes several key assumptions about the international order. First, the international system in anarchic. By anarchic, the traditional definition is typically used, that is, in the literal sense of absence of rule, lack of government anAnarchyoes not imply chaos, absence of order; it is simply the bsabsencef hierarchical political order based on formal subordination and authority. 7 Second, realists assume that states are at the center of the international order. This means that states are the primary actors in the world: states go to war with one another, states sign treaties with one another, states trade with one another. A chief criticism of realism has been its inability to factor noonstagend non-governmental organizations into the equation. Realists typically respond that NGNagstill lack the power and the abilities of states. 8 Although, in the 21st century, this response can, at immimesignore the realities of the world. Third, the principal concern of a state is its own security and survival. 9 Because the international system lacks a leviathan, states are on their own to develop a military, an economy, a 7 Jack Donnelly. Realism and International Relations. (Cambridge press: New York, 2000): 10. Ibid: 7-8. 9 Ibid: 7-8. 6 political and social structure. All of which are threatened by other nation-states who are invariably interested in expanding their own power. Therefore, realists typically place hard power, that is military strength, above soft power issues of economics ndNDolitical influence. Fourth, drawing from the third point, power relations are a fundamental feature of international affair s. 10 As mentioned above, states view the surest way to ensure its own survival is to expand its power. Typically, expanding power results in war. While there are additional criteria that various scholars add to realist theory, these four are the most common assumptions that form the core of the theory. Drawing from these assumptions, this research will expand the definition of realism to include non-governmental organizations. This is because, while realism is exceptionally well- uitiedo explain the behavior of and interactions between nation-states, it tends to have difficulty understanding non-state actors. However, if we treat such actors and strategies many of the realist assumptions about the world still line up. More difficult still is the inclusion and application of Samuel P. HuHuntingtonheory of the Clash of Civilizations. First postulated in a Foreign Affairs article in 1993, and later in a 1996 book, HuHuntingtonheory was hailed as asasnnovative as George KeSeamansontainment theory, and derided as racist and xenophobic. Despite the criticism evevolvedgainst it, the theory is included for two reasons: First, in the eighteen years since its publication, the Clash of Civilizations has shown itself to effectively explain, at least in broad strokes, the world of the 21st century. Second, and even more importantly, it is a theory that, if not by name then by attributes, is frequently quoted by A1AAAaeda and other IsPsalmistss a call to arms for its supporters. 11 Therefore, this research would be remiss to simply ignore HuHuntingtonork. 10 Ibid: 7. 11 CiCoevalCarl J. 2009. The Contours of A1AAAaQaedaedia Strategy. Studies in conflict -reremainsvoVolt2: 853875. 7 At the core of the The Clash of Civilizations is the desire to examine the short- comings of past theories in explaining the post-1990 world and define a new paradigm for international relations. Huntington begins by outlining four possible worlds in which one could find themselves. The first, deemed One World: Euphoria and Harmony12 directly responds to Francis FuFuchsiashe End of History which asserts, among other things, that we may be witnessing ththend of history as such: that is, the end point of mankinds ideological evolution and the ununiversalisticf Western liberal democracy as the final form of government. 13 Ultimately, watching the genocide and cultural conflict that persisted throughout the 19sassHuntington concluded that this world paradigm was simply too divorced from reality. 4 The second paradigm Huntington considers is Two Worlds: Us and Them. 15 This paradigm permeates the majority of human conflict, from the Cold War to the Ancient Greeks, East versus West, Global North versus Global South, Core versus Periphery, it is simple and direct, but in the end is too simplistic to explain an increasingly complex international order. 16 The third paradigm is what Huntington calls 184 states, more or less. 17 Essentially an update of classic realism, this piPicturef the world is a highly useful starting point for analyzing international affairs and explains much state behavior. States are and will remain the dominant entities in world affairs . ovOverallhis stassistaradigm does provide a more realistic picture of and guide to global politics than the one- or two-world paradigms. 18 However, according to Huntington, states are gradually losing power and sovereignty to non- state institutions and actors. The last paradigm is Sheer Chaos19 and is characterized by failed states, massive refugee and humanitarian crises and the prbreadf terrorism. While there certainly are areas of the world that match this description, adopting this as a paradigm 12 Huntington Samuel P. 996. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of the World Order. Simon Schuster: New York, New York: 31 . 13 Ibid. 31. 15 Ibid. 32 16 Ibid. 33 17 Ibid. 33 18 Ibid. 34 19 Ibid. 35 8 offer little to no explanation on insight into the future. 20 Thus, Huntington concludes that a new approach, a new way in which to view the world is needed. Rejecting the overly simplistic and the overly complex, he aims for something of a middle path, a allanceetween reality and parsimony. 21 Creating a cicivilizationodel, Huntington divides the world into nine civilizations. For the cicivilizationpproach, there are four key assumptions: The forces of integration in the world are real and are precisely what are generating cocounterforcef cultural assertion and cicivilizationonsciousness. The world is in some sense two, but the central distinction is between the West as the hitherto dominant civilization and all the other, which, however, have little if anything in common among them. The world, in short, is divided between a Western one and a onmonoesterany. Nation states are and will remain the most important actors in world affairs, but their interests, associations, and conflicts are increasingly shaped by cultural and cicivilizationactors. The world is indeed anarchical, rife with tribal and nationality conflicts, but the conflicts that pose the greatest dangers for stability are those between states or groups from different civilizations. 22 Huntington identifies nine distinct civilizations: Western, Orthodox, Islamic, African, Latin American, SiSonicChinese), Hindu, Buddhist, and Japanese, and lays out a new map of the world. While clearly each civilization has overlap within certain areas and nation-states, and each civilization is far from hohomogeneousithin the defined regions, HuHuntingtonap provides some insight to the cicivilizationaradigm: 20 Ibid. 36. 21 Ibid. 37. 22 Ibid. 36 9 Figure 1 The World of Civilizations: Post-1990 Moreover, because of the increasingly glglobalizesorld, civilizations are coming into contact more and more often which only highlights the differences in culture, language and religion. Upon publication, HuHuntingtonssay created a firestorm of controversy. While considering even a few perspectives that counter the core thesis ouloude a research project in and of itself, it is still useful to understand and rebut some of the criticism. In particular, many academics have criticized HuHuntingtonheory by citing specific examples in the post-Cold War and post-WI 1 period that show the cicivilizationpproach is too simplistic. Their argument is that it fails to take into account clashes within civilizations which, in the case of the RwRwandaenocide, is even deadlier than supposed cicivilizationlashes. Robert Kaplan, a correspondent for Atlantic Monthly and author of several books on, as he calls it, the roreentersf civilization, argues because HuHuntingtonrush is broad, his specifics are vulnerable to attack. 24 He goes on to outline a direct rebuttal put forth by a Johns 23 Ibid: 26-27. 24 Robert Kaplan. February 1994. The Coming Anarchy. In The Coming Anarchy. 2000. Vintage Books, New York. 27. 10 Hopkins professor: The world of Islam divides and subdivides. The battle lines in the Caucasus arAreot coextensive with cicivilizationault lines. The lines follow the interests of states. Where Huntington sees a cicivilizationuel between Armenia and Azerbaijan, the Iranian state has cast religious zeal . o Ohe wind . inInhat battle the Iranians have tilted toward Christen Armenia. 25 Kaplan notes that while the professor is correct in his facts, HuHuntingtonheory still holds up because the AzGazerssecular ShShihsview their cultural identity as Turkish. The ArArmeniansimilarly, are not battling the AzGazersecause of religious affiliation but rather because they are Turks, related to the same Turks that massacred ArArmeniann 1915. 26 Additionally, throughout the region TuTurkeyulture is battling Iranian culture, therefore the Iranians and the ArArmenianave a natural enemy in the Turks. 7 Perhaps most interestingly, however, is that the world described by the Johns Hopkins professor is even more dangerous than the one Huntington envisions. 28 While this is but one specific example, this attack is repeated throughout the academic literature. In most instances an analysis such a KaKaplaneveals a world that still supports HuHuntingtonicivilizationheory. The other main charge leveled against this theory is that it fundamentally misunderstands Islamic, SiSonicnd other cultures, in particular citing HuHuntingtonlaims that the failure of Western liberal democracy to take hold in Muslim societies has its source at least in part in the inhospitable nature of Islamic culture and society to Western liberal concepts. 29 Some commentators have argued that the Arab Spring proves cicivilizationheory wrong, particularly that many people in Arab nations do share a universal hunger for liberty. They feel the presence of universal human rights and feel insulted when they are not accorded them. 30 Two points: first, in fairness to Huntington he never claimed that people in 26 27 28 29 Ibid. 28. Ibid. 29. Ibid. 30. Huntington. 116. David Brooks. March 4, 2011. HuHuntingtonlash Revisited. New York Times. 27. 11 Muslim nations have been characterized by autocratic leaders and IsSalamisovements. Second, it is still too early in the revolutionary process to make claims that liberty (especially as Westerners understand it) will prevail over a different kind of autocracy in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya and other countries. A far more likely outcome, as Huntington explains, is that these nation-states will adopt certain aspects of liberal democracy but also incorporate their own culture in their electoral and governing processes. This will be expanded upon later in the research. The inclusion of ivvolitionalheory in this research could be understandably interpreted as a misunderstanding of what Huntington sought to accomplish: that is, an alternative explanation to the theories of realism, idealism and others. Instead, its inclusion is actually explained in part by Huntington himself. Huntington agreed with two realist core assumptions: that the world is anarchical and that nation-states are its primary actors. In this authors mind, cicivilizationheory is best understood as a subset of so-called complex realism which recognizes and attempts to correct realisms short- omominousith the inclusion of additional theories. Therefore, complex realism is best understood as having realist assumptions, but recognizing that NGNagsuch as terrorist organizations play a vital role in determining the security of a nation-state and that conflicts, while between states or non-state actors, are, on a systemic level, often between civilizations. Background and Analysis On December 17, 2010 few analysts or policy-makers would have predicted that the suicide of a young man in North Africa would cause one of the greatest uprisings since the end of the Cold War.

Impressive List of Topics for Speech Competition Which Wont Bore Your Audience

Impressive List of Topics for Speech Competition Which Wont Bore Your Audience Impressive List of Topics for Speech Competition Which Won’t Bore Your Audience If you’re looking for speech competition topics, it means that you take part in a contest in your college, national tournament or you’re just a member of Toastmasters! Anyway, if you have no idea what to talk about in front of the audience, you’ve come to the right place. We will provide you with a list of topics for speech competition where you will be able to find a suitable subject for your performance or at least get inspired to come up with your own one. But before that we would like to remind you the most important rules and requirements that you have to remember while giving a speech: Keep to the formal structure – introduction, main body, and conclusion. Make sure your style of language is appropriate to your speech theme. Avoid plagiarism at all costs. The speech must be polite and shouldn’t offend people on racial, gender, religious or any other basis. Control your movements: you are allowed to use slight natural gestures and keep them to a minimum. Match your look with the topic of your speech (within reasonable limits). These aspects are very important to consider while choosing the subject because you need to understand which topic you will be able to meet the rules as well as do your best. So, keep them in mind while having a look at our 20 sample topics for a speech competition. White Supremacists and Statues of Confederates: to Take Down or Not to Take Down? Mandatory Minimums as a Legal Display of Racism on the Governmental Level in Matters of Drug Abuse and Drug Trade Lack of Trust in Mass Media as an Instrument of Propaganda The Future of Pilotless Airliners with Autopilot Controls A New Economic Bubble: Do Governments Have to Regulate the Blockchain Markets? Donald Trump and Big Data: a Winning Combination Sophia – the First Robot in the World to Get a Citizenship and Other Privileges The Role of Ireland in the Brexit Process Recent Hurricanes and the Prospects of Geoengineering AIDS Epidemic Among Children What Will Happen When the US Acknowledges Jerusalem as the Capital of Israel? Slobodan Praljak’s Suicide During the Trial: What Does It Tell Us about Bosnia-Herzegovina? The Lack of Child Psychiatrists in Ireland and Its Consequences Who Are the Rohingya People and Why Did Pope Publicly Address Them? The Problem of Fake News on Facebook How Police Use Facebook to Catch Criminals Sexual Harassment Revelations of 2017: What Was the Trigger? Accelerated Bachelor’s Degrees: Their Advantages and Dangers The Premises for Banning College and School Beauty Contests Consequences of Revealing Your Life on Social Media Go through this list and while choosing the final topic to remember – it is important that the subject you’ll settle with would be interesting for you as well as for your audience. That’s one of the most significant criteria that you should always stake into account. At writing company you can buy speeches online which will impress your professor.

Environment Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Environment - Assignment Example Although solar energy has been in use for a long time, generating electricity from this source has not been fully adopted hence this has locked up great benefits associated with this alternative source of energy (Foster; Ghassemi, & Cota 47). Even though the solar energy is free, there are hindrances to achievement of this technology. For example, the cost of installation of solar harnessing equipment is extremely high. Also, the availability of solar energy fluctuate from place to another with some parts of the globe receiving maximum solar energy while others have low solar intensity. Also, solar availability is affected by the seasons and time of the day (YouTube). Implementation of this law will result to increase in efficiency of solar energy production since many people will invest in solar energy hence encourage innovation (Foster; Ghassemi, & Cota 47). Although the availability of solar energy may not increase, the efficiency of harnessing this energy will result to increase in the amount of power output lower cost of production (Boxwell 49). The cost saving on environmental management compensates the additional cost of generating solar energy on a large

It's a Research Proposal Paper so any topic you wish

It's a Paper so any topic you wish - Research Proposal Example Of the total expenditure, electrical and computer appliances grouping contributed the most, giving a total of HK$ 30 million. During this quarter of 2008, more than 1000 advertisers advertised their wares over the internet: 5.5 billion internet advertising impressions and 2800 campaigns. Internet advertising is the mode of promotion, which uses the World Wide Web to communicate marketing messages, intended at attracting customers. Internet advertising is anticipated to grow by 17.4%. This model is expected to overtake advertising over the TV. Previous studies show that advertising – directly or indirectly influences the purchasing behavior of consumers. According to Mehta (67-69) customers with a fair outlook towards advertising are more likely to be influenced by advertising – into making purchases. The inquiry will be qualitative in nature: it will capture the qualitative data captured from the informants, to present the facts, as to the subject, as it exists and as it takes places within the marketing context. Primary data will be collected using the questionnaire method. The questionnaire tools will be disseminated to the study population. Secondary data will be collected through the review of different sources, journals, researches and online libraries: Questia, Ebsco and Science Direct. A total of 250 informants will be reached during the study. These subjects will be selected based on convenience sampling, which is a non-probability sampling method, where study subjects are chosen on the basis of convenience to the study. For this reason, the sample selection exercise will be easy (Anderson et al. 53-55). The researchers will place invitations on the internet (online and offline). Over the internet, social networking sites and forums, this will be used to attract the respondents for the study. The questionnaire will be distributed to the respondents through

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne Essay Example for Free

Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea by Jules Verne Essay In a classic novel in the genre of science fiction, Jules Verne depicts the epic adventures onboard the submarine of Captain Nemo. The characters are interesting and memorable and the story is very exciting to read. When the book was first published in France, it was called Vingt Mille Lieues Sous Les Mers, but was translated into English as Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea. This book was written in 1870, quite a long time before submarines were widely used. This illustrates the fact that Jules Verne was a very imaginative writer, because he was able to develop a realistic story around something that had not yet happened. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea begins with Professor Pierre Aronnax as the narrator. He is a famous marine biologist and is sent on a mission to find a massive sea monster that has been stalking the coast and frightening people all over the world. He leaves New York on a battleship called the Abraham Lincoln and they all search for the monster for quite a while. Finally, the ship finds the sea monster in the Pacific Ocean, near South America and then they begin attacking it. During the battle with the creature, the Abraham Lincoln is damaged and the steering on the ship stops working properly. Professor Pierre Aronnax, his assistant and a man named Ned Land, who is a harpooner, are thrown overboard into the sea. They think that they are lying on top of the sea monster, and all three men are very afraid of what will happen to them. It turns out all right though, because what they are laying on really it isn’t a monster at all. Soon, Captain Nemo opens the hatch of his submarine and the men are brought into the ship, the Nautilus. The submarine is very impressive and seems very comfortable to the men. After everybody is introduced, the Nautilus continues steaming through the ocean. The men see spectacular things from under the sea and enjoy the adventure. They encounter coral in the Red Sea, shipwrecks and then the ice shelves of Antarctica. Finally, the Nautilus brings the men to the lost city of Atlantis. It is a sight unlike anything the men have ever seen before. The whole city is wonderful and there are lots of things to see underwater. Even though they have enjoyed their trip, the Professor, his assistant named Conseil, and the harpooner decide they wan to leave the Nautilus after a while, mostly because Captain Nemo is very unhappy and is doing dangerous things with the submarine. The Captain does not want to let them go, because they have seen his submarine, which he has kept a secret since he built it. Captain Nemo does not want anybody to know that he has this submarine because he wants to be far away from people. If the men were to escape, they might tell the newspapers about the Nautilus and then other battleships might come looking for him again. At the end of the book, Captain Nemo takes the Nautilus far to the North to Norway. The boat is caught in a giant whirlpool because of the reckless way the Captain has been driving his submarine, the Nautilus. After this happens, the Professor, his assistant Conseil, and Ned Land, the harpooner, all decide that it is time to try to make their escape to dry land. Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea is a thrilling novel that has many interesting characters in it. It is also interesting that this book was written in 1870, before submarines were used very often. The details and stories that Jules Verne provides are full of excitement and the book also teaches people about undersea creatures.

The Great Depression and Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal Essay

The Great Depression and Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal During the 1930's, America witnessed a breakdown of the Democratic and free enterprise system as the US fell into the worst depression in history. The economic depression that beset the United States and other countries was unique in its severity and its consequences. At the depth of the depression, in 1933, one American worker in every four was out of a job. The great industrial slump continued throughout the 1930's, shaking the foundations of Western capitalism. The New Deal describes the program of US president Franklin D. Roosevelt from 1933 to 1939 of relief, recovery, and reform. These new policies aimed to solve the economic problems created by the depression of the 1930's. When Roosevelt was nominated, he said, "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the American people." The New Deal included federal action of unprecedented scope to stimulate industrial recovery, assist victims of the Depression, guarantee minimum living standards, and prevent future economic crises. Many economic, political, and social factors lead up to the New Deal. Staggering statistics, like a 25% unemployment rate, and the fact that 20% of NYC school children were under weight and malnourished, made it clear immediate action was necessary. In the first two years, the New Deal was concerned mainly with relief, setting up shelters and soup kitchens to feed the millions of unemployed. However as time progressed, the focus shifted towards recovery. In order to accomplish this monumental task, several agencies were created. The National Recovery Administration (NRA) was the keystone of the early new deal program launched by Roosevelt. It was created... ... After the law was passed, wages began to rise as the economy turned to war production. Wages and prices continued to rise, and the original minimum wage ceased to be relevant. However, this new law still excluded millions of working people, as did social security. However, a severe recession led many people to turn against New Deal policies. In addition, World War II erupted in September 1939. Causing an enormous growth in the economy as war goods were once again in great demand. No major New Deal legislation was enacted after 1938. The Depression was a devastating event in America, and by regulating banks and the stock market the New Deal eliminated the dubious financial practices that had helped precipitate the Great Depression. However, Roosevelt's chief fiscal tool, deficit spending, proved to be ineffective in averting downturns in the economy.

Managerial accounting question answers

â€Å"If an investment does not fit with an organization's strategic plan, It Is probably not a good Idea, even If the net present value Is positive. † Under what conditions would this be a true statement? When would It be false? The statement is generally true. Investments should be made that are consistent with the company's strategy. Sometimes a deal comes along that is too good to pass up. In such a case, a company might depart from its strategic plan (or revise the plan to accommodate the investment) 2.A film with an opportunity cost of capital of 15 percent faces two mutually exclusive investment projects: a. Acquire goods at the start of the year, ship them to Japan, and sell them at the end of the year. The internal rate of return is 20 percent and it has a positive NP. B. Make certain expenditures today that will cause reported earnings for the year to decline. This will result In large cash flows at the end of the second and third years.The Internal rate of return on this project Is 30 percent and It has a larger NP than the first project. Management observes that for the current year the second reject will result in smaller earnings reported to shareholders than the first. How might management's observation influence its choice between the two investment projects? NAS: Sometimes, because of the conservatism of financial accounting, expenditures that are â€Å"Investments† are not capitalized, but are written off currently, depressing current earnings but boosting future earnings.Such a phenomenon may well influence management to prefer projects with short-term benefits at the cost of ignoring longer-term projects with even larger benefits but which take more time to benefit reported earnings. . The flexible budget is a poor benchmark. The master budget Is all that is necessary. Give me your thoughts on these two statements. The flexible budget and master budget serve two different purposes. The master budget is a planning device, while the flexible budget is a control device.The master budget is the benchmark, or goal, based on all the information available at the time of preparation. It gives the profit goal for the upcoming period, based on an estimated level of activity. Although the firm may aim for that estimated level of activity, it may achieve above or below it. The flexible budget is then used to determine what revenues and costs should have been, given the actual activity level attained for the period.The use off flexible budget allows managers to separate volume variances from those due to differences in unit selling prices, unit variable costs, and fixed costs from the master budget. 4. Multi-Nationals around the world use master budgets, but there is considerable variation in who is involved in the process. In some countries, companies frequently use top-down budgeting while others use participative budgeting. Why it Is Important to know who within each company is

Answers to math 230

1. The slope of a function at the point of its local or global maxima is zero. Explain why using an example. The slope of a function is zero at the point of its local or global maxima because of the fact that it is the point where the function is horizontal, thus the slope is really zero. For example, given a function f(x) =-x^2. The first derivative of f is -2x and equating it to zero will yield to solution x=0 which is our candidate for maximum or minimum point. Furthermore, we apply the second derivative test. The second derivative is -2 thus 0 is a local maximum. Accidentally 0 is the only local maximum thus 0 is also the global maximum of the function. At x=0, f(x) =0, which has slope of 0. 2. Show how the derivative of the function f(x) = (2x^4) (3x+2)2 can be obtained with out using the product rule. We can differentiate the given function 2x^4 (3x+2)2 without using the product rule by just simply distributing (2x^4) to the term (3x+2) giving you 6x^5+ 4x^4. Afterwards, multiply it with the constant 2, thus you have 12x^5+8x^5. Now you can solve the derivative using the simple idea of getting the derivative of function.   Hence you have (12)(5)(x^5-1)+(8)(5)(x^4-1) yielding you to 60x^4+40x^3 which is the derivative of the function f. 3. Provide a discussion showing that the limit of the function, f(x) =2x^4 / (x-2) does not exist at x=2. It is possible that the limit of a given function doest not exist at a particular point. In the problem, to show that the limit of f(x) as x approaches 2 does not exist we need to get the right hand side and left hand side limit of f(x). The right hand side limit of f is positive infinity while the left hand side limit of f is negative infinity. Since they are not equal, we are forced to conclude that the limit of f(x) does not exist. Reference: What the Derivative Tells Us About a Function. Retrieved October 12 2007 from http://www.ugrad.math.ubc.ca/coursedoc/math102/keshet.notes/chapter5

Claimsmakers †Impacting Our Society

Claimsmakers – Impacting Our Society Free Online Research Papers â€Å"Claims-making is† another way of viewing the ways in which victims’ rights, concern, and issues and discussed in society.† (Topic 4:Class Lecture). Claims that are made about and issue, event, or crime can have weight on policy changes and reform efforts. When a claim is made concerning an issues that affects are society are understanding of the issues is affected by the way the claimsmakers phrase there view of the issue. There are those individuals within our society that hold a great deal of clout and gain the creditability of the public resulting in us basing our understanding of the issue on that individuals claim. When a certain issue of victimization receives a vast amount of activity such as publications addressing solutions for the issue there is an increase in the evident threat of the problem at hand. When a claim is presented concerning a recent issue the cause of the problem can be inaccurate due to the lack of attention and evidence regarding the issue. Often a policymaker will employ the appearance of control by responding to the claim and make an inaccurate change due to the lack of factual information regarding the issue. The Case of Victimization Astronaut Lisa Nowak was arrested on Monday February 5, 2007 and charged with battery, attempted kidnapping, and attempted burglary of a car and destruction of evidence. Nowak posted a bond of 15,500 for the three charges against her however; the process of her release was brought to a standstill when the Orlando Police brought on attempted murder charges. Nowak, 43, is a Navy Captain is accused of approaching Colleen Shipmen, 30, an Air Force Captain in the Orlando International Airport parking lot and spraying her with pepper spray. According to a police report regarding this incident both Shipman and Nowak were in a relation with another astronaut, Navy Commander Bill Oefelein. Nowak â€Å"told police that her relationship with Oefelein was â€Å"more than a working relationship and less than a romantic relationship.†Ã¢â‚¬  (CNN Article: Astronaut arrested on attempted kidnapping charges). Nowak waited for Shipman at the Orlando International Airport to confront her about the relationship Shipman had with Oefelein. Nowak attempted to get a ride from Shipman or use her cell phone. Shipmen denied the requests of Nowak and told her that she would send help instead. Nowak began crying and complained that she was unable to hear Shipman. At this point Shipman rolled the car window down a couple inches, according to police this is when Nowak sprayed pepper spray into Shipman’s car. Shipman then drove to the tollbooth at the airport and called the Orland police regarding the incident. Interpretation Colleen Shipman, 30, servers as a project engineer at the 45th Launch Support Squadron at Patrick Air force Base, and resides in Cape Canaveral, Fla. The Pittsburgh Tribute-Review reported that teacher and students remember as a good student who was involved in a Varity of school activities and clubs. Shipman placed a quote on classmates.com that she was â€Å"single and loving it†, nor did her friends remember her mentioning anything about being in a relationship. In Brevard County Shipman filed a retraining order against Nowak stating that that for the past two months Nowak had been stalking her. There does not appear to be a big portrayal on Shipman in fact the media seems to be focusing their attention on Nowak life. Lisa Nowak had received a significant amount of attention concerning her life, her career, and how those who knew her portrayed her. Nowak’s friends and family state that she was a good and caring person and this is completely out of character for Nowak bringing shock to family and friends. The media is investigating the cause of Nowak’s meltdown that caused her to victimize Shipman. Apparently Nowak and her husband who works at NASA mission control separated after 19-years of marriage. There were reports made by the AP stating that there had been signs of problems before Nowak was arrested. A neighbor called the police to the home of Nowak claims that she heard the sound of dishes being broken. I think that the media is trying to find out if her actions were associated with the pressure of her job and personal life caused psychological concerns. The Medias’ Claims The major claimsmakers in this case seem to be the media, whom are focusing a major part of their stories on Nowak and providing very little information on the victim Colleen Shipman. This could be due to the fact that this is a very recent incident and Shipman needs time to go through the healing process. The media is also giving attention to NASA officials and their thoughts on this event. CNN posted and article on there website addressing any lessons that NASA may have learned from this ordeal. NASA officials have stated that the psychological screening assessments will be reviewed due to the recent arrest of Lisa Nowak. The article states â€Å"the space agency will determine if there are â€Å"lesson to be learned† from the incident involving Nowak and determine if modifications need to be made, according to NASA deputy administrator Shana dale† (CNN Article: NASA wants to know if there are â€Å"lessons to be learned†). Military spokesmen, J.B. Kump, a retired Air Force officer believes that the media is using this story for a financial gain and they are making a mountain out of a mole hill. The media is asking if NASA is not a good at screening the astronauts that they let through the system. It is unfortunate that the image of NASA will be negatively affected by this incident of victimization. The items that are said to be in the possession of Nowak when she was arrested are: a steel mallet, a buck knife with a four inch blade, a BB gun and a map to the residence of Shipman. The media are taking these items stated to be in the possession of Nowak and creating there own version of what Nowak was planning to do. These stories that are being created are affecting the public thoughts of the incident and what the real intentions that Nowak had for that day. I think that the media is missing vital parts of this incident, such as Nowak’s explanation for these items being in her vehicle, the precis e relationship that was going on between these three individual. The actual facts of the incident are what seem to be continuously absent in the media’s reporting. Due to the crime being so recent the police have not had an adequate amount of time to uncover the details and facts of this crime. Conclusion This story of criminal victimization presents great examples that claimsmakers have on our societies understanding of an event. There have been claims made concerning this crime of victimization, however, the police have not had an adequate amount of time to investigate the facts of this case leading me to believe that the media has created their own version of the event and what led the actions of Nowak. The media has a considerable amount of impact on our society and we often base our views on the information that they present to us. The claims that have been made by the media concerning the pressure of Nowak’s job have created doubts of NASA’s ability of screening astronauts. Though NASA has been screening astronauts for over 50-years the media has placed doubt in the minds of some Americans in relation to the capabilities of NASA’s ability to screen out astronauts with psychological issues. I think that it would be a vital asset to the nation if there were c ertain stipulations set upon claims-makers, for example, providing an adequate amount of time for an investigation in which facts would be uncovered. Though a story will be presented by the media as is evolves, they should ensure they inform the public that there is a continuing investigation and not all the facts of the event have been presented. Research Papers on Claimsmakers - Impacting Our SocietyUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenThe Project Managment Office SystemQuebec and CanadaThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Simple Déjeuner French Verb Conjugations

Simple Dà ©jeuner French Verb Conjugations A single French verb,  dà ©jeuner,  is used to say to have lunch. Its a very specific word and identical to the noun for lunch,  le dà ©jeuner.  Learning how to transform, or conjugate, the verb into the past, present, or future tense is rather simple as this quick lesson will demonstrate. Conjugating the French Verb  Dà ©jeuner In English, we use -ed and -ing endings to conjugate verbs. Things  are a little more complex in French because we need to use a new ending for every subject pronoun within each tense. That means you have more than just a few words to memorize. Dont worry, though,  dà ©jeuner  is a  regular -ER verb  and that makes conjugating it just a little easier. This is particularly true if youve already memorized similar verbs such as  cuisiner (to cook)  and  demander (to ask).   To conjugate  dà ©jeuner, pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For example, I am having lunch is je dà ©jeune and we will have lunch is nous dà ©jeunerons. Practice these in context and youll be one step closer to memorizing all the forms. Subject Present Future Imperfect je djeune djeunerai djeunais tu djeunes djeuneras djeunais il djeune djeunera djeunait nous djeunons djeunerons djeunions vous djeunez djeunerez djeuniez ils djeunent djeuneront djeunaient The Present Participle of  Dà ©jeuner The  present participle  of dà ©jeuner  is  dà ©jeunant. Its as simple as adding -ant  to the verb stem. Beyond its use as a verb, it can also become an adjective, gerund, or noun when needed. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà ©Ã‚   The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a common way to express the past tense had lunch in French and its an alternative to the imperfect. To construct this, conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  to fit the subject pronoun, then add the  past participle  dà ©jeunà ©. For example, I had lunch is jai dà ©jeunà © while we had lunch is nous avons dà ©jeunà ©. More Simple  Dà ©jeuner  Conjugations You may also find one of the following forms of  dà ©jeuner  useful as your fluency progresses. The subjunctive verb mood implies some sort of uncertainty to the action. Similarly, the conditional form says that the action will only take place  if  something else does. In literature and formal writing, the passà © simple or the imperfect subjunctive may be found. You might not use these yourself, but knowing of them will help your French reading comprehension. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je djeune djeunerais djeunai djeunasse tu djeunes djeunerais djeunas djeunasses il djeune djeunerait djeuna djeunt nous djeunions djeunerions djeunmes djeunassions vous djeuniez djeuneriez djeuntes djeunassiez ils djeunent djeuneraient djeunrent djeunassent The imperative verb form is extremely easy and its used with just three subject pronouns. However, you do not have to include the pronoun itself: use dà ©jeune alone rather than tu dà ©jeune. Imperative (tu) djeune (nous) djeunons (vous) djeunez

Reducing the Hold of the Underage Credit Card Trap Essay

Reducing the Hold of the Underage Credit Card Trap - Essay Example With their deep pockets and ability to lobby Congress, regulating the credit card companies is not a realistic option. It's incumbent upon the customer base, the young people, to be well informed and make prudent credit decisions. It's also important for society to mandate that any young person that uses credit be licensed to do so, just as they are licensed to drive. Schools need to offer mandatory credit classes that will teach students how to calculate the cost of credit, as well as the long-term implications of credit card debt. They need to know that credit card purchases have a price, and the price may be hidden in the terms that they have failed to read. They need to recognize a misleading and overly aggressive credit card marketing scam when they see it. Most of the material could be integrated into existing Math and English courses. Math class could be used to teach how to calculate the long-term cost of a purchase based on the interest rate, as well as how to figure what the minimum monthly payment would be. English class could be a forum for reading and analyzing the fine print. It would need to offer a vocabulary section to discuss the specialized wording that companies use to mask their true intentions. It would be helpful if users understood the terms "pre-payment penalty", "grace period", and "inactivity fee".

Love Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Love - Article Example Based on the new ability to scan the brain, researchers have developed new theories about language acquisition that focus on â€Å"critical windows of learning† (Wasserman, 2007). This theory that emphasizes critical windows of learning states that children’s brains can learn certain skills, such as language, only during short windows of time. Once the window has closed, the child cannot learn that skill. Wasserman argues that educators must embrace this new research in order to address the needs of at-risk students. Though Wasserman acknowledges that this research is still being debated, she believes that educators should use the theory just as educators in the past used the research of Piaget, Skinner, and others before it was officially accepted. Classroom accommodations that Wasserman emphasizes are using neuroscience to identify at-risk students. Once a brain scan identifies a student, the educator should use the critical windows of learning to identify what the child has learned and is capable of learning. Additionally, she calls for educators to use brain-based research to change the way they teach. In her words, â€Å"Sequential knowledge is harder for the brain to process. Nonlinear learning in bits and pieces is easier for the brain to process† (Wasserman, 2007). Public education classrooms focus entirely on sitting in a desk and learning knowledge sequentially. Educators should adopt teaching that allows for nonlinear learning. In other words, the classroom that Wasserman envisions does not have students all sitting quietly at a desk listening to the teacher. Instead, it is a classroom that is full of energy where students are learning and discovering as their brains lead them. Wasserman’s article covered the basics of brain-based research in a method and language that was easy to understand. Since the audience is public educators, language that is too complex would be detrimental to her purpose as an educator would not read

Economics graphs Statistics Project Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Economics graphs - Statistics Project Example A shift in the demand curve for a good is brought about by various factors such as income, population, price of a substitute or complement, consumer taste or preference and expectation among others. A change in any of these factors would lead to a rightward or leftward shift in the demand curve depending on the direction of the change (Begg, Fischer & Dornbusch). For instance, an increase in the income of consumers causes a corresponding increase in the demand for normal good A, with price level remaining the same. Given Graph 2, demand curve D1 would shift rightward to D2 in view of the increase in income. On the other hand, D1 would shift leftward to D3 should there be a decrease in the income of consumers. Similarly, the supply curve shifts leftward or rightward depending on the change in factors such as technology or productivity and price of raw materials. For example, as illustrated in Graph 3 below, a decrease in the price of flour, which is the main ingredient of bread, would cause the bread supply S1 to shift rightward to S2. On the contrary, an increase in the price of flour would result in a leftward shift of S1 to S3. The absolute value of the answer to the above equation would indicate how a percentage change in the price would affect the quantity demanded. Demand is considered elastic if the computed elasticity is greater than 1. This means that a 1% change in the price of good A would be accompanied by a more than proportionate change in quantity demanded.

The Importance of Agricultural Sector in Economics

The Importance of Agricultural Sector in Economics THE IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 1.0 INTRODUCTION Agriculture is an important sector to the country’s economic development. It was one of the highlighted issues during Tun Abdullah Ahmad Badawi’s as Malaysia’s Prime Minister. Abdullah strongly believed that this industry can generate wealth and reduce poverty particularly among those from rural areas. One of the major thrusts of the Malaysian economic development since her Independence in 1957 has been and continues to be the rural development programmes. The rural sector plays a pivotal role in the country’s economic growth, social and political development. The Malaysian economy depended on the rural sector in the early development stage for agricultural input and output and hence the country’s export earnings and growth in the 1960s and 1970s. Agriculture sector can be generalized into two categories – industrial commodities and food sub-sector. Industrial commodities under Ministry of Primary Industries (KPU) provision is responsible in ensuring high quality production of pepper, palm oil, rubber, cocoa and wood and timber. On another note, Ministry of Agriculture and Agro-based Industry (MOA) must oversee crop production, livestock and fisheries activities. Like any other developing economies, the growing economic importance of the manufacturing sector implies that the rural sector has fulfilled its role as the supplier of labour, land and capital required for industrial. 2.0 THE IMPORTANCE OF ECONOMIC IN AGRICULTURAL The agricultural sector has contributed to the growth and major contributors to national income and export earnings. The agricultural sector initially derived from increase production of livestock, fisheries and other miscellaneous crops. The NAP provided for a comprehensive and coordinated long-term policy for an effective development of the agricultural sector. The NAP called for agricultural-industrial linkage through the expanded development of agro-based industries, mainly in processing, storage and handling of agricultural commodities to increase their value-added before export. There is some of importance of economic in agricultural sector: 2.1 Diversifying and shielding the economy Agricultural is consideration a vital to the economy of Malaysia. It play a role in diversifying and shielding the economy from external shock. The increase in earnings of major commodities, particularly palm oil as food commodities, enable sector to retain its workforce and withstand the economic downturn. There also important in especially in diversification to improve the economy activity in Malaysia. This is some of example that can help for increasing the economy such as: Integration of cattle in palm oil plantation Intercropping Mixed farming Processing activities 2.2 Development of rural area We will bring development to rural areas by promoting the agricultural sector by reducing imbalance in urban-rural development especially in the less developed states. Rural development generally refers to the process of improving the quality of life and economic well-being of people living in relatively isolated and sparsely populated areas. Rural development has traditionally centred on the exploitation of land-intensive natural resources such as agriculture and forestry. However, changes in global production networks and increased urbanization have changed the character of rural areas. Increasingly tourism, niche manufacturers, and recreation have replaced resource extraction and agriculture as dominant economic drivers. The need for rural communities to approach development from a wider perspective has created more focus on a broad range of development goals rather than merely creating incentive for agricultural or resource based businesses 2.3 Increase food production The sector contributed not only as a supplier of raw material to the resource based industries, but also in term of food production. Food production capacity is faced with an ever-growing number of challenges, including a world population expected to grow to nearly 9 billion by 2050 and a falling ratio of arable land to population. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations or FAO. These crop losses would be doubled if existing pesticide uses were abandoned, significantly raising food prices. Even after harvest, crops are subject to attack by pests or diseases. Bugs, rodents or molds can harm grains. In addition to increasing crop yields, crop protection products used in stored products can also prolong the viable life of produce, prevent huge post-harvest losses from pests and diseases, and protect food so it is safe to eat. The crop protection industry’s primary aim is to enable farmers to grow an abundant supply of food in a safe manner and pre vent costs from increasing. Food production processes benefit from continual advancements in agricultural technologies and practices; in fact, a population now nearly twice as large has more food available per capita than 40 years ago. 2.4 Improve balance of trade The food import bill has been a long standing problem in Malaysia. The commercial balance or net export, is the difference between the monetary value of exports and imports of output in an economy over a certain period, measured in the currency of that economy. It is the relationship between a nations imports and exports. A positive balance is known as a trade surplus if it consists of exporting more than is imported; a negative balance is referred to as a trade deficit or, informally, a trade gap. The balance of trade is sometimes divided into a goods and a services balance. There is some factor that improving balance of trade in economy Malaysia: The cost of production such as land, labour, capital, taxes and incentives in the exporting economy. The cost and availability of raw materials, intermediate goods and other inputs Exchange rate movements Multilateral, bilateral and unilateral taxes or restrictions on trade Non-tariff barriers such as environmental, health or safety standards The availability of adequate foreign exchange with which to pay for imports. 2.5 Economic in Malaysia restructuring The Second Malaysia Plan stepped up government involvement in the economy, with the main goal of increasing Malay economic interests, especially in the areas of manufacturing and agricultural. In order to avoid directly hurting Chinese economic interests, the plan focused on huge economic growth, with the goal of expanding both the Malay and non-Malay shares of the economy in absolute terms, while increasing the Malay share in relative terms as well. The Second Malaysia Plan hoped to achieve greater reduction in poverty and increase the involvement of the Malays in the private sector by imposing certain restrictions on private firms that would benefit Malay employment and economic ownership. 3.0 Future Prospects and Challenges Internally, the agriculture sector continues to face inefficiencies arising from structural defects such as land fragmentation, labour shortage and increasing cost of inputs. As a consequence, productivity, yield and profitability from smallholdings continue to lag behind plantations. Paddy farming continues to face chronic inefficiencies arising from the Government’s policy to continue guaranteed minimum price for paddy and structural defects. As a result of government intervention in price setting and distribution, structural defects have become institutionalized and resistant to change. It becomes even more difficult to effect a change now because subsidies to paddy farmers have become politicized as used as vote gathering tools. Inputs to agriculture production such as capital and labour will continue to be constrained in response to demand for these very same inputs by Malaysia’s fast expanding manufacturing sector. This is already resulting in the slowdown of capital investment in the agricultural sector which would eventually trickle to naught and may trigger capital outflow from this sector. Externally, the price of agriculture commodities will continue to be exposed to swings and shifts in demand due to the interplay of substitutionary and complementary products. Supply and output of commodities as from time immemorial continue to be subject to the vagaries of climate, pestilence and seasonality. Trade barriers and protectionist agricultural policies will continue to shield agriculture from reforms in many countries, distorting the free market and institutionalize market defects and inefficiencies. Conclusion Agriculture occupies a dominant position in the Malaysian economy. Since the era of British colonial government, agriculture has assumed the important role of being the backbone and driving force behind the strength and success of the Malaysian economy. Agricultural exports such as rubber, oil palm and cocoa are a major source of export earnings and have significantly contributed to the development of the agricultural sector and the economy as a whole. Agriculture is also an important sector in economy of Malaysia because of its food contributions, particularly rice for home consumption. Moreover, the sector continues to be the largest source of employment in the country. Today, marketing, processing, distribution of agricultural products etc. are all accepted as a part of modern agriculture. In the course of economic development, agriculture employs majority of people. This means raising the level of the national income and standard of living of the common man. The rapid rate of gro wth in agriculture sector gives progressive outlook and further motivation for development. As a result, it helps to create proper atmosphere for general economic development of the economy. Thus, economic development depends on the rate at which agriculture grows. References Zulkifly Hj. Mustapha. 1988. Evolution of Malaysian Agricultural Development. In Malaysian Agricultural Policy: Issues and Directions. ed. Fatimah Mohd. Arshad et Al. Serdang Idris Jala. (2013, September 30). The Star, Business News: Agriculture is a sector that is still important to Malaysia’s economy. Azmi Shahrin Bin Abdul Rahim, 2005. A critical assessment the contribution of agriculture sector in the growth of the Malaysin economy.

John F. Kennedy Essay -- essays research papers

John F. Kennedy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Though John F. Kennedy was only president for a short time, he inspired American patriotism and united a nation behind a common goal for peace. Kennedy was an influential man and a great leader. His faith was tested by the obstacles he had to overcome, but President Kennedy always lead his country with dignity and pride.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John Fitzgerald Kennedy was born on May 29, 1917 in Brookline, Massachusetts. Known as â€Å"Jack†, he was the second child born to Joseph and Rose Kennedy. Jack was named after his grandfather, John Francis Fitzgerald. He had an older brother named Joe Jr.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Jack was one year old, his sister Rosemary was born. She was mentally retarded. Joseph and Rose later had six more children, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Teddy (Weidman 1). Jack was very sick as a child. At age three, he became seriously ill with Scarlet Fever. He remained in recovery for three months. Jack constantly suffered from allergies, colds or bronchitis. When he was ten, the Kennedys moved to Bronksville, New York to escape religious prejudice. They were Irish Roman Catholics and had faced many hardships because of their religion in Massachusetts. During this time he attended Riverdale Country Day School.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  During his childhood years, Jack felt overshadowed by his older brother Joe. They constantly competed with one another. Whether it was sports or school, Jack and Joe always tried to outdo one another. They once had a bicycle race and collided at the finish line. Joe came out Hamner 2 without a scratch while Jack needed twenty-eight stitches.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jack became interested in politics at a young age. He and his family would discuss world events every evening at dinner. Jack learned a lot about politics from his grandfather John Fitzgerald. He was a famous lawyer and politician from Boston. Jack listened to his political speeches and attended political rallies. He also went with his grandfather as he campaigned. Jack read the newspaper everyday and many books dealing with history.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Jack turned fourteen, he followed his older brother to Choate School for Boys in Wallingford, Connecticut. There he participated in many sports. Still, his allergies and other sicknes... ...focused on Jacqueline Kennedy. Still, she never faltered and her dignity was majestic. With her children in hand, she kissed the flag that was draped over her husband’s coffin. The next day, the president was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. As the coffin passed by the family, three-year-old John-John raised his right hand and saluted his father. That single image was stamped in the minds of all Americans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the days after the funeral, there were many unanswered questions. A book was written called The Warren Affair that described in detail how Lee Harvey Oswald might have shot the president. The investigations never ceased, as an accurate answer is still yet to be found (Stein 1-29). Hamner 8   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  John F. Kennedy was a president that will always be remembered for his dedication and devotion to the United States of America. He believed that the forces that bring people together are much stronger than those that divide them. President Kennedy has gone down in history as being a president who never lost hope in his country.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Metaphysics & Epistemology Essay

G. E. Moore’s main contributions to philosophy were in the areas of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and philosophical methodology. In epistemology, Moore is remembered as a stalwart defender of commonsense realism. Rejecting skepticism on the one hand, and, on the other, metaphysical theories that would invalidate the commonsense beliefs of â€Å"ordinary people† (non-philosophers), Moore articulated three different versions of a commonsense- realist epistemology over the course of his career. According to data I researched Moore’s epistemological interest also motivated much of his metaphysical work, which to a large extent was focused on the ontology of cognition. In this regard, Moore was an important voice in the discussion of sense-data that dominated Anglo- American epistemology in the early twentieth century. In ethics, Moore is famous for driving home the difference between moral and non-moral properties, which he cashed-out in terms of the non-natural and the natural. Moore’s classification of the moral as non-natural was to be one of the hinges upon which moral philosophy in the Anglo- American academy turned until roughly 1960. Moore’s approach to philosophizing involved focusing on narrow problems and avoiding grand synthesis. His method was to scrutinize the meanings of the key terms in which philosophers expressed themselves while maintaining an implicit commitment to the ideals of clarity, rigor, and argumentation. This aspect of his philosophical style was sufficiently novel and conspicuous that many saw it as an innovation in philosophical methodology. Moore is widely acknowledged as a founder of analytic philosophy, the kind of philosophy that has dominated the academy in Britain and the United States since roughly the 1930s. Moore also had a significant influence outside the academic philosophy, through his contacts in the Cambridge Apostles and the Bloomsbury group. In both academic spheres, Moore’s influence was due in no small part to his exceptional personality and moral character. One of the most important parts of Moore’s philosophical development was his break from the idealism that dominated British philosophy (as represented in the works of his former teachers F.  H. Bradley and John McTaggart), and his defense of what he regarded as a â€Å"common sense† form of realism. In his 1925 essay â€Å"A Defense of Common Sense†, he argued against idealism and skepticism toward the external world on the grounds that they could not give reasons to accept their metaphysical premises that were more plausible than the reasons we have to accept the common sense claims about our knowledge of the world that skeptics and idealists must deny. He famously put the point into dramatic relief with his 1939 essay â€Å"Proof of an External World†, in which he gave a common sense argument against skepticism by raising his right hand and saying â€Å"Here is one hand,† and then raising his left and saying â€Å"And here is another,† then concluding that there are at least two external objects in the world, and therefore that he knows (by this argument) that an external world exists. Not surprisingly, not everyone inclined to skeptical doubts found Moore’s method of argument entirely convincing; Moore, however, defends his argument on the grounds that skeptical arguments seem invariably to require an appeal to â€Å"philosophical intuitions† that we have considerably less reason to accept than we have for the common sense claims that they supposedly refute.